The following discussion is based on the framework of Campbell and Stanley, [1] in that specific threats to establishing a cause-and-effect relationship (i.e., internal validity) are associated with ...

There is a distinction that one learns about on the first day of a course in psychological research methods. It is the difference between internal and external validity. Internal validity is ...

There is a distinction that one learns about on the first day of a course in psychological research methods. It is the difference between internal and external validity. Internal validity is ...

In everyday language, the term validity is typically used to describe something as being trustworthy or legit. It's meaning in psychology suggests something similar—it's all about whether we can trust ...

Using animals for research raises ethical concerns that are addressed in project evaluation by weighing expected harm to animals against expected benefit to society. A harm–benefit analysis (HBA) ...

Please note: This item is from our archives and was published in 2002. It is provided for historical reference. The content may be out of date and links may no longer function. ust how objective are ...

Cognitive maps are plans or procedures for completing a task or accomplishing a goal. [8] A cognitive map provides a skeleton for directing the analytical process and guiding the logic of the writing; ...