The next few decades saw many turbulent changes, among which a war with the Timurid Empire to the east, a civil war between Bayezid's sons (the Ottoman Interregnum) and several besiegements of the ...

In 1221 on the plains of current-day Turkmenistan lay the city of Merv. The town faced a Mongol besiegement under one of Genghis Khan’s sons and opened its gates in the hopes of experiencing mercy.

Population surveillance. The carrying of identification while traveling. Add to that the public presence of diverse religions and it sounds like 2025, but this was life in the Ottoman Empire 200 years ...

Salt Research and the French Institute for Anatolian Studies (IFEA) have jointly made 41 rare publications and seven historical maps related to the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey available online.